Florida Bankruptcy Exemptions

Florida's bankruptcy exemption laws protect property in bankruptcy and are essential to a fresh start. Not only will you reduce debt and straighten your finances, but Florida bankruptcy exemptions will let you keep what you need to work and live. But exemptions protect essential assets only, not unnecessary luxury goods, and learning about the following can help prevent a costly property loss:

• the exemptions available under Florida and federal exemption systems
• what happens to property you can't protect with an exemption, and
• if you've lived in Florida long enough to use Florida's bankruptcy exemptions.

The information below will help. Also, try our ten-question bankruptcy quiz. It flags areas you'll want to be reviewed by a local bankruptcy lawyer.

Using Exemptions in a Florida Bankruptcy

Bankruptcy is a federal process, so it works the same way in every state. However, you'll use Florida state laws known as "bankruptcy exemptions" and federal nonbankruptcy exemptions to protect your property. Federal bankruptcy exemptions aren't available in Florida.

Other Florida Bankruptcy Exemptions

Below you'll find more Florida exemptions, but it's not an exhaustive list, and it's not being updated. As with all exemptions, check for current amounts and qualification requirements.

Florida Public Benefits

• 222.25(3) - Earned income tax credit.
• 222.201 - Public assistance and Social Security.
• 222.201; 443.051(2),(3) – Reemployment assistance.
• 222.201; 744.626 – Veterans' benefits.
• 440.22 - Workers' compensation.
• 960.14 – Crime victims' compensation.

Florida Insurance Exemptions

• 112.363(9) – Public employee health insurance.
• 222.13 - Death benefits payable to a specific beneficiary.
• 222.14 - Annuity contract proceeds excluding lottery winnings; life insurance cash surrender value.
• 222.18 - Disability or illness benefits.
• 632.619 - Fraternal benefit society benefits.

Other Florida Exemptions

• 222.11 - For the head of the family, 100% of earnings up to $750 per week; more than $750 per week or non-head of household, greater of 75% or 30 times federal minimum wage.
• 222.21 - Federal government employees' pension payments needed for support.
• 222.201 – Alimony, child support needed for support.
• 620.8307 - Business partnership property.
• 769.05 - Damages to employees for injuries incurred in hazardous occupations.

What Happens to Property You Can't Exempt in a Florida Bankruptcy?

It will depend on the chapter you file. In Chapter 7 bankruptcy, you lose property not covered by an exemption. The bankruptcy trustee responsible for managing your case will sell the property for the benefit of your creditors. In Chapter 13 bankruptcy, you can keep all of your property; however, that luxury comes at a price—literally. You'll pay your creditors the value of any property not covered by an exemption in your Chapter 13 repayment plan.

For example, say you own a car outright worth $3,000, and your state has a vehicle exemption of up to $5,000. Here's what would happen in each chapter.

• Chapter 7 Bankruptcy. If you file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, you will get to keep your car because the exemption would protect the equity fully. In the same example, if your vehicle were worth $15,000, the bankruptcy trustee would sell your vehicle, pay you $5,000 for the exemption, and distribute the rest to your unsecured creditors.
• Chapter 13 Bankruptcy. In Chapter 13, you wouldn't need to pay extra to your creditors through your repayment plan. However, if the car were worth $15,000, you'd need to pay your creditors at least $10,000 (minus sales costs) through your plan.

Keep in mind that these examples don't take into account a vehicle loan. You'll find more information below.

How Do You Protect a Financed Home or Car in a Florida Bankruptcy?

Many wonder if they can wipe out a home mortgage or car loan and keep the property without paying more. The simple answer is "No." Protecting the equity with an exemption will keep the Chapter 7 trustee from selling it, and you won't have to pay extra to keep it in Chapter 13, but there are more steps to take.

In a Chapter 7 case, the mortgage or car payment must be current, and you'll need to be able to continue to make the payment. Why? Because when you purchased it, you gave the lender a property "lien." The lien created a secured debt allowing the lender to take back the property if you don't pay as agreed, even in bankruptcy. So if you're behind on the payment and file for Chapter 7, you'd lose the property. Instead, consider catching up on arrearages in Chapter 13.

Learn more about how mortgages work in bankruptcy and how to file for bankruptcy without losing a car.

What Are the Florida Bankruptcy Exemption Timing Rules?

It's tempting to move to a state with significantly more generous bankruptcy exemptions when filing for bankruptcy. But it doesn't work that way. To prevent people from abusing the system, filers must live in the state for at least two years—otherwise, they must use the previous state's exemptions. Here's how it works.

• If you've made your permanent home (your "domicile") in your current state for at least two years, you can use the state's exemptions (or the federal exemptions if allowed).
• If your domicile hasn't been in the same state for two years, the rules get more complicated, so prepare yourself. It sounds so strange we'll explain it in three different ways so that you know you didn't read it wrong. Here goes: You'll choose the state you lived in the longest during the 180 days immediately before the two years before filing.

Did you get that? If not, here's a way to figure it out. Count back two-and-a-half years. Then ask yourself where you lived the longest during the first six months of that two-and-a-half-year period.

Still confused? Let's try an example. Suppose you planned to file on January 1, 2022. Your two-and-a-half-year period would start July 1, 2019, and you'd qualify to use the exemptions of whichever state you resided in the most from July 1, 2019, through December 31, 2019. You wouldn't have to file your case there, but you'd use that state's exemptions. Hopefully, that helps!

Learn more about timing your bankruptcy filing, including when to delay or avoid bankruptcy.

Special Homestead Exemption Rules

The homestead exemption protects your ownership interest in your home. You'll need to read your state's homestead statute to determine the specifics, such as the amount of equity and acreage covered, whether the exemption protects a manufactured home, and if you need to file a homestead exemption with the county clerk. But in all states, the property must be your residence. Also, you'll need to comply with a federal timing law—here's the rule:

You must live in the home for over 40 months before filing for bankruptcy. Otherwise, your homestead exemption is capped at $189,050 if you file on or after April 1, 2022 (the amount changes every three years). This cap won't apply if you bought your home with home sales proceeds from that state.

Find out more in Chapter 7 Homestead Exemption in Bankruptcy.

Navigating Your Florida Bankruptcy Case

Bankruptcy is an unusual area because it's essentially a qualification process. The laws provide instructions for completing a 50- to 60-page bankruptcy petition, and because all rules apply in every case, you can't skip a step.

One way to keep track of your research is to use the bankruptcy forms as an outline. You'll find links to the exemption-related bankruptcy forms and other exemption resources in the chart below. You can also look at the list of Chapter 7 and 13 bankruptcy forms to see where this topic fits in the bankruptcy scheme. And this handy bankruptcy document checklist will help you gather the things you'll need to complete the petition.

Need More Info?

We want to help you find the answers you need. Go to TheBankruptcySite for more easy-to-understand bankruptcy articles, or consider buying a self-help book like The New Bankruptcy by Attorney Cara O'Neill.

We wholeheartedly encourage research and learning, but online articles can't address all bankruptcy issues or the facts of your case. The best way to protect your assets in bankruptcy is by consulting with a local bankruptcy lawyer.

Updated: August 18, 2023